Family Harmony - 1979 Words

FAMILY HARMONY By K.Vishnukumar Introduction: Family is a beautiful discovery of human evaluation and a prize given by the ancient people to the mankind. Living together is some thing special when the real sprits exist in the family. The Tamil proverb â€Å" A good family is like un university† has a special meaning. The family university has been teaching number of subjects like friendship, relationship, fellowship, hospitality, Reception, Love, Confidence building, care Share, Emotional adjustments etc. The parents and elders of the family and society are the teachers of this university. Newly married couple can learn a lot from these teachers. According to the western concept, Family is an Institution where as†¦show more content†¦It may also mean that, child say â€Å"I Love my parents†. Generally where the love lives, there the family Harmony will exist. Love live by giving and forgiving. So please give what you have and forgive other mistakes. It is the way for family Harmony. Achieving Harmony: Once a man buys an adjacent land and removed the boundaries. If both lands are plat and same level, it is easy to start foaming without much difficulty. Suppose one is up and other down, the upper will suffer due to lack of water and lower will spoil due to more water. Similarly the marriage removes boundary of a boy and girl and they live together as husband and wife. Now if any one think or try to prove, I am superior, it will affect the harmony of the family like the lands. Hence it is best to under stand each other and feel both are equal in the married life. Emotional balance Account: From the marriage the husband and wife are going to start an account called emotional balance account. It is a joint account. Both of them can operate this account. It is same as the saving bank account. There are credit and debit facilities available. But the rules and regulations have some difference. Husband and wife both may credit love, friendship, Hospitality, Adjustment, Sacrifice, more help and mutual understanding in this account. These are the investments. Presenting various surprise gifts, mementos are F.D in this account. InShow MoreRelatedGladiator by Ridly Scott Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesblurb that helps set the scene and draw the viewer in to the plot of the film. The blurb fades away as harmony music fades in and we, the viewers, are shown an extreme close up of Maximuss hand sweeping through the grass. The colour is very bright, and the music promotes happiness in the viewers mind. This small section of the film is his thoughts of home, the harmony music which plays has a very important role throughout the film when ever Maximus is thinking about homeRead MoreKiller Of Sheep And Harmony Korine s Gummo1423 Words   |  6 PagesKiller of Sheep and Harmony Korine’s Gummo are prime examples of these three aspects through their codes. Both Killer of Sheep and Gummo show what it really means to live in a small, dead end town with no real escape or purpose. Burnett’s 1978 film Killer of Sheep focuses on a struggling African American family living outside of Los Angeles. Burnett himself describes the subjects of the film as â€Å"a community of working-class strivers doing what they can to keep their families together† (Burnett 143)Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Julien Donkey Boy 1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn his sophomore film, Julien Donkey-Boy (1999), director Harmony Korine tunes in to the psychotic perspective of Julien (Ewan Bremner) – a suburban schizophrenic with raisin-black eyes and detachable dentistry – and his almost equally grotesque family, in a disorderly smear of violence, incest, and finally, tragedy. The film s fragmented narrative structure, with its grainy and hand-held visual style, shudders on to the screen in a fusillade of discursive vignettes, that reflect, not only the digitalRead MoreThe Evolution And Portrayals Of Family Sitcoms Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution and Portrayals of Family Sitcoms Family sitcoms have been the most popular and positively influenced television shows watched since the 1900s to today. Many of these shows have consisted of African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic families who all play a role that we as watchers look up to or perceive as the right way to run our household. Over time there has been an addition to biracial shows and family role changes throughout these sitcoms. For example, now observing single parentRead MoreExposing The Weakness Of Confucianism1604 Words   |  7 Pagessocial harmony in society, and in order achieve social harmony; individuals must live by moral examples of superiority. This entailed unequal relationship in human society: the father has power over his son, the husband has power of his wife, the older brother has power over his younger brother, the eldest son has power over his mother, and of course, leaders had power of individuals. With this idea, Confucius believed that this would create equal balance between t he importance of families and theRead MoreEssay on Boys of Baraka946 Words   |  4 PagesMany African American families are suffering from the violence and substance abuse in their towns today, as reflected in the film â€Å"Boys of Baraka†. This film focuses on four young African American boys and their families from an inner city in Baltimore; Richard and brother Romash, Devon, and Montrey. As a result of the lack of discipline and an increased violence rate, these African American boys are suffering education-wise. Luckily, the Baraka School in Africa was designed for these children andRead MoreThe Generation Gap Caused By Collectivism And Individualism1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Generation Gap Caused by Collectivism and Individualism Whether in non-western countries or westerns countries, when there are changes in politics and societies, families and individuals are affected greatly. In many non-western countries such as China, Japan and Korea, collectivism is considered as one of the most significant values in the cultures, whereas in western countries such as the United states, individualism is emphasized. However, from the middle of 19th century, a great numberRead MoreThe Strength of Family in Death of a Salesman and A Raisin in the Sun1198 Words   |  5 Pagescertain characters that they are entitled to the fruits of miracles. Despite their best intentions for supporting their families, Walter Younger and Willy Loman encounter unsurpassable obstacles and are unable to fulfill their dreams. When all hope has been lost, family is the only thing that these characters have left. â€Å"Death of a Salesman† and â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† portray family as asylums of safety amidst the hopeless ambitions of tragic heroes. Both Lena Younger and Linda Loman serve as arbitersRead MoreIn His Poem, â€Å"Aunt Ida Pieces A Quilt,† Melvin Dixon Presents1373 Words   |  6 Pagesdialogue with her family members. Initially, the poem starts off the mother of Junie, a young man who died of AIDS handing all the clothes to Aunt Ida. Automatically, the feeling of nostalgia and agonizing construct the atmosphere of the poem. However, as the poem continues it is revealed Aunt Ida is handed down the clothes to make a quilt. As she starts to quilt the atmosphere of the poem transition to a more unifying and commemorative feeling towards the families that have had a family member die fromRead MoreKorean Culture And Gender Roles990 Words   |  4 PagesIn South Korean culture family, gender roles, and customs all intertwine, in a traditional Korean family your role in the family is determined by gender and age. However, in recent years it seems like the traditional family dynamics and gender roles are being redefined by the newer generations. South Korean families are leaving behind the traditional family practices, gender roles inside the Korean culture are traditional male and female roles, and lastly customs are hugely influenced by Confucianism

Essay on America Needs Tort Reform - 3126 Words

According to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for Legal Reform, â€Å"The tort system is truly broken and in bad need of repair.† Tort cases are becoming an extremely common fight in the nation’s legal system. Since 1986, 38 of the 50 United States have adopted some sort of tort reform. However, with the many flaws of the tort system today, the suffering American economy will continue to fall behind if the American public does not insist on fighting for justice in the legal system. The governing bodies of these states must continue to seek reform and propose strategies to fix the corruption in the tort system. The legal system set up by the founding fathers will experience corruption in the negligence of these governing bodies. Tort†¦show more content†¦Reform is needed. In 2005, the estimated cost of the tort system in the United States was approximately 260.8 billion dollars. Broken down, every U.S. citizen spends approximately 880 dollars annually on â€Å"litigation taxes† which fund United States tort cases (Balik, Carl). Understanding these numbers, it is absurd to think that a family of 6 spends approximately $5,280 each year on frivolous cases in the nation’s judicial system. With each U.S. citizen paying roughly $1,000 on cases of tort, it is obvious that the system is being abused. Caps in the tort system limit the amount of money a jury can award a victim. These need to be put in place in order to prevent further damage to the nation’s economy and further abuse to the county’s legal system. Lawsuits of medical malpractice may be the greatest threat to justice in the legal system. Tort cases are constantly filed against medical practices which cause health care prices to dramatically increase in states lacking caps. Medical practitioners are forced to undergo an unnecessary amount of costly tests and procedures in order to defend themselves from frivolous lawsuits. The expenses of these precautions cause hospitals and other medical facilities to charge more for the care given to the patients,Show MoreRelatedTort Reform1420 Words   |  6 PagesStates justice system, a tort is best defined as an injury or loss that was committed deliberately or negligently by a single person or an entity (Crane). The history of tort law can be traced back to the initial trespass of property or person, but it was not until the 18th century that the distinction between intentional and unintentional acts was made (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In recent years, tort law has become the center of scrutiny through the increase in tort costs, insurance liabilityRead MoreDefensive Medicine1354 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Our Nation is currently engaged in a debate about the future of health care in America. Health care reform has several platforms to be addressed in order for it to be successfully implemented. Tort reform, being one of those platforms, is proposed as one solution to the rapidly increasing health care cost in the United States. Careful reform of medical malpractice laws can lower administrative costs and health spending. This will also lead to improved patientRead MoreCivil Court System Of America1497 Words   |  6 Pagescover the cost of any harms inflicted on others during the incident. Legal experts use the word tort to describe harms like these. The laws that govern how torts are handled in the court systems of America have been under severe attack in recent years. Many groups have successfully lobbied several state legislatures into making reforms to their tort laws. Unfortunately, even though many of these reforms are established with the best of intentions, legislators at times make spontaneous, illogical decisionsRead MoreMedical Malpractice And Tort Reform1533 Words   |  7 PagesMedical Malpractice and Tort Reform Within the realm of American tort law, medical malpractice is equated to professional negligence and is a highly debated issue. â€Å"The government estimates that between 44,000 and 98,000 people die each year in hospitals due to medical mistakes, the vast majority of them preventable† (Lau Johnson, 2011). In differentiating this type of tort from standard negligence claims, similarities and differences are illustrated through the elements of a cause of action andRead MoreEssay about The American Courts System1080 Words   |  5 PagesIn America, we have the luxury of having access to a theoretically just and efficient courts system. A luxury not afforded to many human beings around the world. It is also our right as citizens to know and understand the way the system works as well as its pros and cons. American law can be complex, and it is important to know where the law comes from to better understand how the system all comes together. This paper will discuss the sources of American law, the two divisions of courts in our countryRead MoreCases Based Off Civil Wrongs Are Known As Torts1042 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In the American legal system, cases based off civil wrongs are known as Torts. These cases have multiple variances of descriptions which help to determine the exact element of each tort. This document will focus on negligence. A complete definition will be provided, followed a personal first hand experience. The concluding summary will be a brief overview of the information provided. Please note, the personal account does not include a complete litigation process. Only a descriptionRead MoreBusiness Law 355 : Tort Reform1946 Words   |  8 PagesBusiness Law 355 Tort Reform Paper Since about the mid-late 1980’s many states have implemented and enforced statutes to limit tort lawsuits. Tort reform is the political term for redefining tort laws and reducing tort litigation, damages, compensation, and even amounts awarded (Quinn). The reformation of the nation’s tort system, or changing laws throughout a state dealing with injuries to a person or their property have done a lot more harm than good for consumers. While each tort reform law variesRead MoreThe Tort System : A Popular Topic Of Being Reformed For The Past Decade2005 Words   |  9 PagesThe tort system in America has been a popular topic of being reformed for the past decade. In my opinion, we do not need a tort reform. The main objective for torts are civil wrongs and are used to help parties who have been injured by a second party. This is usually done by shifting monetary losses/values or injunctions to the second party and having them pay the costs or stop what caused the harm to party one. I believe that the current tort system is effective in that we award those who proveRead MoreAffordable Care Act Of The United States1879 Words   |  8 Pages with the exception that they meet certain requirements† (Lawson 117). The PPACAs intention is to reduce the cost of health care insurance making it accessible for the American public, to decrease the national deficit, and to promote a healthier America. Little does the government know is that what will come out of this act is going to be worse. Is the Affordable Care Act going to help Americans afford treatment or make treatment worse? Despite its work to make it affordable for Americans, the AffordableRead MoreEssay on Frivolous Lawsuits2344 Words   |  10 Pageshas discovered large money in mass litigation. This rise in greedy and manipulative lawyers has provided Americans with a skewed financial interest in the American courtroom and has hindered the justice system as a whole. Congress must reexamine tort reform to provide Americans with a trustworthy and secure justice system from frivolous lawsuits. As American citizens we do it everyday: we see something wrong and form ideas of suing. Whether our intentions are resolute or passive, the simple gesture

Police Monitoring Of Social Networking Activities Free Essays

My opinion about social network, is that it is a place where you can chat and have fun whit your friends. It has begun to be a place where people compete with each other to radiate their perfect life. People put picture, video etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Monitoring Of Social Networking Activities or any similar topic only for you Order Now up on Facebook, in the hope for â€Å"likes† and lovely comments. I think it is okay when people are writing and boosting pictures about themselves. When people begun to exhibit other by posting pictures and video of them, is grotesque because they just do it because of get success. In my opinion, people should not think about posting pictures or videos of people they don’t know. If people think that their videos or pictures are for the benefit of police then send them a mail rather than share it with the whole world. It is the police job to catch the criminals; not the young’s. To my mind is it extremely disrespectful to exhibit the rough; they have it difficult enough already. The rough have often not learnt about the right and wrong things in their life, they just want to be seen. Some people think they are cool, when they post picture of their crime at the social media, but in the end they are shoot oneself in the foot. The police is upgraded and they are watch over the social media. Some people think that it is unpleasant to know that the police are watch oneself. As I see it, it’s a good idea because it helps the police to catch the criminals. It is mostly the rough how don’t like this electronic surveillance because they are scared to be arrested. In my opinion it is okay that they police use electronic surveillance, if it helps them to minimize the number of criminal activities. How to cite Police Monitoring Of Social Networking Activities, Papers

How to Overcome Barriers in Communication free essay sample

3. 2+3. 3 Introduction The following report will discuss and resolve the possible barriers in effective communication. It will include different ways in which to overcome the threats that pursue an important discussion, debate or conversation. This report can be useful for people writing reports on effective communication in and around their business or company. Potential Barrier in communication (Cultural Differences) Cultural differences can cause many problems in an effective discussion, for example: If two people are trying to have a discussion and both speak different languages, it would be extremely difficult to communicate, in different cultures hand signs represent gestures that the British take politely. Religious issues can accelerate a normal discussion into a debate. Possible ways of overcoming potential barriers that cultural differences create There are some ways of resolving these, some of which are the following: learn their language, hire an interpreter, carry a translating dictionary, Instead of trying to communicate with hand signs and offend them, research some different signs that mean something polite and respectful, these are all ways that can solve the problems of effective communication in cultural differences. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Overcome Barriers in Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Potential Barrier in communication (Distractions) Distractions are one of the most annoying potential barriers; sometimes they are inescapable or unpreventable. However, some of them can be avoided, for example: mobile phones, people arriving late, changing the subject, talking about a different topic, some of these are preventable though. Possible ways to overcome potential barriers that distractions create Some distractions are unpreventable, but are some are avoidable, for example: turn mobile phones off, arrive on time or come in quietly. Some of the distractions that are inescapable are as follows: road works outside, mobile phone, someone arriving late. Potential Barrier in communication (Incorrect spelling/grammar) Incorrect spelling is a potential barrier in communication because it can be misinterpreted as something else and an important message might not be passed on, this can happen in any written forms of communication, for example: email, snail- mail, memo, etc. Possible ways to overcome potential barriers that incorrect spelling/grammar creates There are a number of ways to overcome incorrect spelling/grammar; firstly the spellchecker is useful for simple spelling and grammar mistakes. Next, proofreading is important as this is more accurate than spellchecker because machines do not know what context is suitable; finally, a second opinion is the best option to overcome this barrier, getting a friend to check the work over ensures better work. Potential Barrier in communication (Terminology) Using the wrong terminology is very poor quality communication; it can lead to misunderstanding of an important issue, terminology that is too simple, example, thingy and stuff, is far too vaguer terminology to understand, if someone is having a technical discussion about something they need to use technical terminology. The wrong terminology can also result in loss of interest. Possible ways to overcome potential barriers that incorrect terminology creates There is no easy way to correct terminology; use same level of technical language, provide audience with information about the topic to make communication easier, example: handouts. Potential Barrier in communication (Loss of interest) Loss of interest is the cause of poor communication, meaning a boring issue is being discussed or incorrect terminology is being used. The subject might not be relevant to people in the audience, talking too quietly, talking in a monotone. Possible ways to overcome potential barriers that loss of interest causes There are numerous ways to overcome loss of interest, for example: talking in different tones relevant to the subject, interact with the audience, use interesting slideshows, video clips, and pictures. Loss of interest is only caused by: a boring subject, the wrong terminology, talking in monotone, these problems can easily be solved. Conclusion There are a lot of potential barriers in communication, all of which can be overcome with a discussion between a group of people, this is what we did, and we came up with different ways in which to overcome possible drawbacks in effective communication. I have expressed the potential barriers in effective communication and their methods of overcoming them. I have listed five different possible drawbacks, which are as follows: Cultural Difference, Distractions, Incorrect spelling/grammar, Terminology, Loss of interest. Some of the methods of overcoming them are easier than others. However, some may take time, for example: learning a new language.

HSBC Bank Middle East Motivation Models and Workers Performance

Introduction The driving force behind any employee’s increased performance is enthusiasm. Essentially, motivation is the ability to enable employees achieves the desired goal. Therefore, managers have a responsibility of finding the explanations that inspires their personnel to increase their productivity (Andrews and Rose 241).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on HSBC Bank Middle East Motivation Models and Workers Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studies indicate a correlation that exist enthusiasm and employees’ increased efficiency. In other words, factors that negatively affect motivation of employees in the workplace have also been found to have detrimental impacts on the employees’ productivity. Essentially, enthusiasm at the workplace plays a significant role in influencing individual output since it affects the physical and intellectual potentials of the personnel. Moreover, the maintenance of workers’ motivation enhances the ability of employees to perform the physical and mental responsibilities to the optimal levels. Management relating factors such as compensation system of the organisation, management structure, leadership style as well as other related work processes increases motivation on the employees. The way these factors affect the employees’ productivity remains critical to the attainment of the goals of an organisation. Therefore, understanding the relationship between the motivating factors and the productivity of employees as well as the way related variables affect this relationship is significant to the organisations’ success. As a result, diverse observations have been developed to find out what motivates human resources in the workplace. The paper tends to examine how organisations utilise various motivational models to increases job satisfaction and performance. In particular, the paper tends to evaluate how HSB C bank Middle East is applying motivational theories to motivate its workers in order to attain increased productivity and desired performance. In fact, various factors affect motivation of workers within an organisation. The factors can be understood through the application of various motivational models. Essentially, the report provides an analysis of how various motivation models has been applied by HSBC bank Middle East to achieve the desired workers job satisfaction, increased productivity and performance within the workplace. Besides, the paper hypothesise that HSBC bank Middle East is utilising various motivational theories to achieve the desired workers job satisfaction, increased productivity and performance within the workforce.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review As indicated, appreciation forms the deepest principle of human nature. In essence, rec ognising the efforts of employees, the provision of succession prospects to the personnel and enhancing job commitment and dedication among employees are ways through which employees can be motivated. Further, the depths of individual human beings as well as their devotion to deliver tremendous output in the operation of an organisation contribute immensely in the competitive ability of the firm (Andrews and Rose 241). In fact, the performance levels of personnel play very significant roles in increasing the firm’s competitive advantage. Several factors affect employees’ job performance. For instance, motivation is considered to influence employee performance. Firms often apply different concepts and models to explain the methods of motivation to increase the employees’ performance. In fact, employees are highly motivated when their interests are taken into consideration. In essence, the driving force behind any employee’s performance is enthusiasm. There fore, any organisation must adopt practices that inspire personnel to increase their productivity. Various organisation models of motivation are explained through a range of suppositions including the process theories of motivation, expectancy and equity theories, human needs and goal setting. Organisations can use the combination of these theories to establish models of motivation. Motivational models Content theories of motivation or the theories of human needs Essentially, the content theories tend to examine the human factors that are likely to motivate employees. Factors such as the human instincts, satisfaction and job characteristics are identified by the theories. Generally, the theory of human needs centers on the workers’ emotional desires. Maslows’ hierarchy of needs, management assumption or the (Theory X and Theory Y), Alderfers’s ERG theory, McClelland’s needs theory and Herzberg’s two-factor theory advance content or theories of huma n needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow put forward the theory centering on the workers’ emotional needs. As a result, there are five levels of needs required by the employees in order to fulfill their wants (Locke 37). The idea proposed a hierarchy of needs varying from essential and physiological needs such as hunger, to the elevated ranked ones including self–esteem as well as self-actualisation. In fact, the recognition of such needs by employers leads to improved outcomes. The benefits offered by the organisation provide essential as well as other needs of the employees. Most importantly, working in the organisation enables employees to achieve self-actualisation. In fact, self-actualisation is attained in various ways within an organisation including the ability to set personal goals and ways through which they can be achieved. The organisation must establish a set of programs that value workers together with their efforts.Advertising We w ill write a custom report sample on HSBC Bank Middle East Motivation Models and Workers Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Herzberg’s two-factor theory Herzberg presented two levels of needs that should be met in order to be satisfied. Herzberg categorised human needs into two factors that include hygiene needs and the motivators. The hygiene needs are the basic needs that have to be met by the organisation to increase workers satisfaction and motivation. On the other hand, motivators are set of needs that are needed to be met in order to increase the employees’ satisfaction. According to Herzberg, the hygiene needs are the dissatisfying or extrinsic factors that should be taken into greater consideration by the organisation in order to satisfy the workers. The extrinsic factors directly relate to motivation and job satisfaction. The extrinsic or dissatisfying factors include administrative policies, supervisio n, working conditions, interpersonal relations salary, status, job security and personal life. Conversely, satisfying or intrinsic factors enhances individual fulfillment. Satisfying or intrinsic factors include achievements, recognition, work processes, responsibility, advancements and growth. Alderfers’s ERG theory ERG motivation theory as advanced by Clayton Alderfer is a simplification of the Maslow’s theory of motivation into three wide-ranging classes. The classes of needs include the existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. The existence needs are those wants that are necessary for the existence of the individual. The existence needs ranges from psychological to needs required for physical purposes. The relatedness needs are the aspirations that workers require to sustain important interpersonal interactions. The growth needs are the requirements for individual growth and development. McClelland’s needs theory The theory of acquired needs as a dvanced by McClelland asserts that the desires of an individual determine their motivating factors. In other words, employees are motivated differently depending on their needs. According to the theory, employees whose aims are high should be assigned challenging tasks with attainable objectives. Such employees are also supposed to be rewarded for the performance of hard tasks. In support of the changes in the management of employees in the firm, the theory suggests that employees with good relation abilities are high performers in an environment that encourage cooperation. Process theories of motivation Apart from content motivational models or theories of human needs, process theories of motivation look into the processes that influence the employees’ motivation. The processes theories classify internal factors and cognition that influence an individual towards attaining the desired outcome. Process theories have been advanced by Adams equity theory, Vroom’s expectan cy theory and the theory of goal setting.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vroom’s expectancy theory The expectancy theory as advanced by Vroom asserts that a person become motivated when personal preferences are met. In fact, Vroom asserts that that the expectations of an individual are arranged in order of preferences. The perceived expectation with higher value or outcome should be met in order to enhance personal commitment and productivity. In other words, an employee motivation is determined by personal perception and preference. The theory argues that individuals have diverse personal preferences for various outcomes. Individuals place value on the desired outcome or rewards. Personal preference is the emphasis of receiving the reward. The major weakness of the theory is that the value attached to a goal or reward is subjective since it varies with an individual. Locke’s goal-setting theory Goal setting theory as advanced by Edwin Locke argues that clear goals and appropriate feedback is a powerful motivating factor foe the employees. In other words, the theory is about setting clear goals and the manner in which the goals can help create task and strategies in order to attain the outcome. The model argues that the attainment of the objectives of assigned tasks depends largely on the task performance. According to the model, employees will always pursue challenging and specific tasks with clear feedback. In essence, the set goals define individual employees’ efforts required to perform the given task (Locke 37). The model works well in an environment where employees set their own goals and ways through which such objectives can be attained. Allowing employees to perform own job evaluation also indicate the application of the model. Further, the employees are left to suggest the best ways they can achieve their own objectives. Through the practice, employees are encouraged to be their own leaders and in effect motivate them towards attaining individual as well as the firm’s goals. Other elements of m otivation Even though various models have been advanced to explain how workers can be motivated to achieve the expected outcome through rewards, other factors including monetary and non-monetary also contributes towards enhancing motivation and improved performance. Besides, various models argue that reward systems and methods are critical in determining the workers performance. However, direct compensation in terms of monetary rewards is a significant motivating factor. Compensation system of the firm should be geared towards enhancing the employees’ performance. Forms of monetary compensation such as commissions, piece rate and overtime contribute hugely towards enhancing the workers performance. In other words, the importance of monetary rewards cannot be undermined. Monetary rewards help employees meet the basic and desired needs. Essentially, monetary rewards can be used to induce employees in order to continue working for the organisation. Conversely, non-monetary rewar ds are also applied by organisations to motivate workers towards attaining the desired goal. Non-monetary rewards such as empowerment, teamwork and participation have been found to have greater influence on the employees’ outcome. Empowerment involves allowing workers a greater autonomy on their work processes. In other words, workers should be allowed to have greater freedom and power to control their own working processes. Team working is organising the workers into groups, setting goals and providing rewards for attaining the set goals or targets. Participation involves allowing employees to participate in organisational decision-making process. The non-monetary rewards in employees’ motivation are in line with the Mayo’s theory of human relations. Human relations concept stresses on the importance of society’s requirements to employees’ motivation. In other words, the theory argues that the personnel are not only inspired by the remunerations b ut also by social needs during the execution of responsibilities. The concept concentrates on the bosses’ role of recognising employees as people with valuable views as well as their pleasure in relations with one another (Beck 208). In addition, managers are supposed to put more consideration on employees’ social needs. In reality, employees should be given opportunity to provide suggestions on how they can achieve the objectives of the assigned tasks. The allusion that employees are allowed to set own goals and targets as well as the firm’s responsibility helps workers achieve own set of goals. Further, in a firm, the management teams are supposed to inspire and empower the employees towards the attainment of the set objectives. Analysis The effectiveness of the firm’s motivating practices can be assessed by the conduct and the views of the employees. The employees’ motivating practices enable firms to attain the set objectives. Additionally, the provision of incentives by the firm attracts as well as retains highly skilled and talented employees. Organisations should continue using motivating practices to attract talented employees and enhance their performance. Moreover, the firms should enhance teamwork approach to challenging tasks in order to motivate employees. Embracing teamwork and increased involvement of managers in looking after the interests of workers greatly boost trust and interpersonal skills among the personnel (Beck 208). Concerning the development of trust and interpersonal skills among employees, the organisation should ensure affirmative fairness. In essence, the leader should communicate evaluation standards as well as assessment points to the workforce for fairness and trust among employees. Finally, the firm’s human resources manager should embrace diversity in workplace in order to enhance the motivational effectiveness. The changes that normally occur in the management of employees can be ex plained by Maslow and Herzberg theories of motivation. Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg put forward the theory centering on the workers’ emotional needs. As a result, Maslow introduced five levels of needs required by the employees to have their job complete. The idea proposed a hierarchy of needs varying from essential, physiological such as hunger, to the elevated ranked ones such as the needs of self–esteem as well as those of self-actualisation. Recognition of such needs by employers leads to improved outcomes. In fact, organisations such as HSBC bank Middle East management of employees can be evaluated through the application of the theories. Essentially, whether HSBC bank Middle East has met the needs of the employees can be evaluated from the employees’ perspective. However, HSBC bank Middle East has achieved the prospect of maintaining the employees and increased productivity in the recent past. Just like the other motivation theories, Maslowâ€℠¢s theory is equally vital in explaining the trust the HSBC bank Middle East has build on its employees as well as in rewarding system. Identifying employees’ individual places in the ladder of needs ensures the creation of terms that make it possible for the employees to acquire such needs through their endeavors (Andrews and Rose 291). The firm’s management achieves this through identifying that not all employees move up the hierarchy at the same rate. As a result, the firm is able to offer different set of pay from worker to worker. Assigning power to the workers in making their decisions plays a significant role in developing a sense of trust among them and the company. Maslow’s theory is equally critical in the understanding of the workers needs, which is vital in building trust between the organisation and employees as well as in developing the compensation system. Essentially, identifying employees’ individual places in the ladder of needs enables the organisation to create terms that make it possible for the employees to acquire such needs through their endeavors (Beck 208). In fact, the understanding of the individual employees’ places in the hierarchy of needs enables the management to create motivating terms and increases satisfaction within the workplace. While ensuring that the needs of employees are met, the management should recognise the fact that not all employees can achieve the same needs at the same time. In other words, the organisation should take into consideration each individual employees needs. Motivation-hygiene theory can also be applied to better understand the changes in the employees’ impetus and attitude at HSBC bank Middle East. However, unlike Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the motivation-hygiene theory advanced by Fredrick Herzberg categorises the needs of employees into two major factors that either increases the workers fulfillment or causes redundancy. As indicated, motivation -hygiene theory as advanced by Fredrick Herzberg tends to determine factors that contribute to the fulfillment and frustrations of employees within the workplace (Andrews and Rose 291). Before, organisation such as HSBC bank Middle East pursued human resources management policies that ensured adherence to the firm’s strategies, close supervision, tense relationships between workers and their seniors, tight controls in work processes, low remunerations or compensations based on output as well as poor relations with other workers. However, new changes were implementation that encouraged participatory management in which the firm managed its workforce. In fact, the management considered factors such as the employees’ pursuit for individual achievements, recognition of the workers achievements, employees’ responsibility as well as individual advancement and growth. Essentially, the firm implemented the motivation-hygiene theory as suggested by Fredrick Herzberg. In addition, HSBC bank Middle East also brought changes that were supported by McClelland’s acquired needs theory. In fact, the firm encouraged employees with high aims. Moreover, HSBC bank Middle East recognised employees with increased need for affiliation. Besides, the firm provided top leadership positions to the employees who sought such positions. All these policies are in accordance with the theory of acquired needs as suggested by McClelland. The theory of acquired needs assert that the desires of an individual determine their motivating factors. In other words, employees are motivated differently depending on their needs (Andrews and Rose 291). According to the theory, employees whose aims are high should be assigned challenging tasks with attainable objectives. Such employees are also supposed to be rewarded for the performance of hard tasks. In support of the changes in the management of employees in the firm, the theory suggests that employees with good relation abil ities are high performers in an environment that encourage cooperation. Another important theory that can be used to explain the management of workforce is the ERG theory advanced by Alderfer. Clayton Alderfer simplifies the Maslow’s theory of motivation into three wide-ranging classes. The classes of needs include the existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. The existence needs are those wants that are necessary for the existence of the individual. The existence needs ranges from psychological to needs required for physical purposes (Andrews and Rose 291). The relatedness needs are the aspirations that workers require to sustain important interpersonal interactions. The growth needs are the requirements for individual growth and development. Meeting both the relatedness and growth needs ensures increased satisfaction, which leads to increased productivity. In fact, the HSBC bank Middle East should understand the various desires of its employees and put in place t he rewarding systems that ensured satisfaction of the needs. The implementations of these measures are in line with the ERG theory. Moreover, the ERG theory implies that managers should not concentrate on one type of need rather they should be considered as whole for workers to be motivated. Managers at HSBC bank Middle East should ensure that employees’ needs are considered and the remuneration system satisfies the needs of employees. The firm should also provide a work environment where employees’ growth and development are to be enhanced. Through the application of Elton Mayo’s theory of human relations, the organisation should study the productivity levels of different groups of employees. For example, increased employee recognition, consultations as well as offering them an opportunity to give response leads to easy decisions concerning remuneration (Beck 201). In addition, embracing teamwork and increased involvement of managers in looking after the intere sts of workers greatly increase trust and interpersonal skills among the personnel. Therefore, a firm should restructure itself taking into consideration the significance of recognising workers’ interests. According to various models, the workplace environment plays significant roles in motivating employees (Grant and Gino 949). In other words, workplace environment contributes significantly in increasing the level of motivation. Considering other factors of motivation, the type of relationship workers have with their superiors contributes hugely to their motivation and productivity (Grant and Gino 949). Essentially, the type of relationship workers have with their immediate supervisors determines the level of performance and productivity derived from motivation towards the work processes. The relationship between workers and the managers is a critical determining factor affecting employees’ motivation within the workplace. Besides, the relationships within the workfor ce also play a significant role in ensuring that the desired outcome is achieved. Besides the relationship workers develop with fellow workers also determine the level of motivation. In other words, relationships developed within the workforce affect their motivation levels. The findings underscore the assertion that relationships generated within the organisation have greater influence on the general performance of employees as well as the organisation. Essentially, the relations between the employees and management as well as between the employees play a critical role in motivating the workforce. Another important factor that has come out clearly to be affecting employees’ motivation is compensation. Compensation remains critical in determining the employees’ performance and productivity (Ismail 927). In fact, increased productivity result from the enthusiasm workers have on the assigned task. Compensation and motivation of workers have a direct relationship. In othe r words, compensation directly influences workers motivation, which in turn affects performance and productivity. Other related factors such as promotions, annual vacations as well as security have been found to be motivating. Regarding job promotions, maintaining fairness in the distribution of promotion as well as other benefits is motivating. Unfairness results in reduced motivation and performance (Ismail 927). Most of the studies indicate that over employees greatly consider fairness in the distribution of promotion as well as other compensation benefits practiced by the organisation. Actually, fairness is a critical attribute of compensation practices that ensure job satisfaction among employees. In other words, in order to achieve the motivational objective, the compensation method as well as related factors such promotions must be perceived as being fair by the employees. In this case, fairness implies that employees perceive the overall policy of the organisation regarding compensation benefits and promotions as reasonably representing their contributions to the goals of the organisation (Ismail 927). Essentially, job satisfaction is a perception among employees particularly where the general organisation practices are perceived to be fair. The findings on other related compensation practices such as annual vacations, job security and the manner in which employees are remunerated such as paychecks indicate the importance of compensation practices to employees’ motivation. In fact, the practices increase the job satisfaction among employees (Schoeffler 349). As indicated, job satisfaction is primarily derived from the motivation. Further, the study indicates that highly motivated workers are more satisfied on their jobs than employees who are not motivated. As such, annual vacations, job security and the manner in which employees are compensated remain critical factors influencing employees’ motivation. The appreciations of workersâ€℠¢ contributions to the attainment of the organisation goals have significant and direct influence on workers performance (Schoeffler 349). In fact, studies on employees motivation indicate that appreciation of employees’ contribution to the organisation greatly influence their motivation. Managers and immediate supervisors should acknowledge the contributions of workers in order to motivate them towards the attainment of desired outcomes. Moreover, training and being acquainted with the work processes was also cited as important motivating factor. Appropriate training on how to undertake the assigned tasks motivate employees and increase their performance. Appropriate training enables employees be knowledgeable about the assigned tasks and increases their efficiency as well as effectiveness in attaining the desired results (Grant and Gino 951). Ensuring that employees get the required technical skills is critical in increasing their motivation and performance. Conclusion Many factors affect motivation among employees within the organisation. However, workplace environment, compensation and the relationship between employees and management remain critical factors that influence motivation. The relationship between motivation and work performance is direct. The likelihood of attaining increased performance on motivated employees is very high. In other words, there is greater possibility of attaining increased performance on highly motivated employees. On the other hand, compensation increases job commitment and satisfaction, which are critical in determining the performance of employees. Moreover, management structure, practices and leadership styles culminate all the organisation’s work processes that motivate, increase satisfaction and job commitment leading to increased performance. Works Cited Andrews, Abbye and John L. Rose. â€Å"A Preliminary Investigation of Factors Affecting Employment Motivation in.† Journal of Policy and Practice, 7.4 (2010): 239-244. Print. Beck, Robert C. Motivation: Theories and Principles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2000. Print. Grant, Adam and Francesca Gino. â€Å"A Little Thanks Goes a Long Way: Explaining Why Gratitude Expressions Motivate Prosocial Behavior.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98.6 (2010): 946–955. Print. Ismail, Azman. â€Å"Relationship between Performances features and job satisfaction: Does interactional justice act as a mediating role?† Academy of Management Journal, 35.5 (2007): 921-955. Print. Locke, Edwin A. â€Å"Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives.† Organisational behavior and human performance, 3.2 (2008): 30-76. Print. Schoeffler, Bill. â€Å"Employee incentive plans: Make them worthwhile.† Insurance Journal, 4.2 (2005): 345-357. Print. This report on HSBC Bank Middle East Motivation Models and Workers Performance was written and submitted by user Amy Mcpherson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Underezding Abusive Parents Essays - Parenting, Childhood, Family

Underezding Abusive Parents Essays - Parenting, Childhood, Family Underezding Abusive Parents STUDY OF FAMILY INTERACTION LEAD TO NEW UNDERSTANDING OF ABUSIVE PARENTS Researchers at the University of Toronto have taken important steps toward producing a profile of an abusive parent. Prof. Gary Walters and doctoral student Lynn Oldershaw of the Department of Psychology have developed a system to characterize parents who physically abuse their children. This could ultimately allow social service professionals to identify parents in child abuse. Over the last five years, Walters and Oldershaw, in collaboration with Darlene Hall of the West End Creche, have examined over 100 mothers and their three to six-year-old children who have been physically abused. In the laboratory, the mother and child spend 30 minutes in structured activities such as playing, eating and cleaning-up. The family interaction is video-taped and later analyzed. The researchers have developed a system which allows them to record the effectiveness of parenting skills. They are particularly interested in disciplinary strategies because abuse most commonly occurs when the parent wants the child to comply. "It's a question of trying to determine which type of parent produces which type of child or which type of child elicits which type of parental behaviour," explains Oldershaw. As a result of their work, Walters and Oldershaw have identified distinct categories of abusive parents and their children. 'Harsh/intrusive' mothers are excessively harsh and coneztly badger their child to behave. Despite the fact that these mothers humiliate and disapprove of their child, there are times when they hug, kiss or speak to them warmly. This type of mothering produces an aggressive, disobedient child. A 'covert/hostile' mother shows no positive feelings towards her child. She makes blatant attacks on the child's self-worth and denies him affection or attention. For his part, the child tries to engage his mother's attention and win her approval. An 'emotionally detached' mother has very little involvement with her child. She appears depressed and uninterested in the child's activities. The child of this type of mother displays no characteristics which set him apart from other children. In order to put together a parenting profile, the two researchers examine the mother/child interaction and their perception and feelings. For inezce, Walters and Oldershaw take into account the mother's sense of herself as a parent and her impression of her child. The researchers also try to determine the child's perception of himself or herself and of the parent. Abusive parents are often believed to have inadequate parenting skills and are referred to programs to improve these skills. These programs are particularly appropriate for parents who, themselves, were raised by abusive parents and as a result are ignorant of any other behavior toward her child. One of the goals of the psychologists is to provide information to therapists which will help tailor therapy to the individual needs of the abusive parents. "Recidivism rates for abusive care-givers are high," says Walters. "To a large extent, abusive parents which require a variety of treatment. " Their research is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Research Paper

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies - Research Paper Example The third section of the paper will analyze the competitive environment of Tata Motors Limited and then determine the company’s main competitors and their strategies at each level. The fourth section would seek to determine whether the strategies for the long-term success of the competitors would differ in slow-cycle and fast-cycle markets. Tata Motors Limited Tata Motors Limited is a publicly traded corporation within the motor industry, and according to Witzel (2010), the company is a multinational car manufacturer whose headquarters is located in Mumbai, India and it is a subsidiary of the Tata Group Plc. Tata Motors Limited was formed in 1945 and specializes in the production of automotive parts and automobiles that comprise of vans, trucks, buses, coaches, passenger cars, and military vehicles. Perhaps among the most widely known products of Tata Motors Limited include the Tata Nano, Tata Daewoo, Jaguar Land Rover, and Tata Ace. Additionally, the company also offers servi ces that include vehicle service and vehicle leasing (Witzel, 2010). Tata Motors Limited has established an international presence that is supported by the manufacturing and assembling plants that are located across various regions within India, and other countries such as the United Kingdom, Argentina, Thailand, and South Africa. Additionally, the company also has various research and development centers in India as well as in the United Kingdom, Spain, and South Korea (Witzel, 2010). In the ranking of Tata Motors Limited, Witzel (2010) stated that the company is listed in three key stock markets that include the New York Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, and the Bombay Stock Exchange. The company was ranked at position 314 in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 list of world’s biggest corporations whose profit in the last financial year was $2.28 billion. Tata Motors’ business-level strategy With reference to the writings by Kim and Mauborgne (2005), they wrote that it is through business-level strategies that organizations are able to meet the needs as well as the expectations of their customers and hence post good returns. According to Hiriyappa (2010), business-level strategies stipulate on actions, which can gave value to customers and enable a business organization to gain competitive advantage through the effective utilization of core competences in service or product markets. Additionally, Hiriyappa (2010) stated that business level strategy mainly focus on a company’s position within the industry in relation to the five market forces and even the competitors. Kim and Mauborgne (2005) stated that there are four key business-level strategies that are commonly used to provide organizations with a competitive edge in the market and they include cost leadership, differentiation, focused differentiation, and an integrated low-cost-differentiation strategy. With reference to the business model of Tata Motors Limited and the writings by Witzel (2010), it is correct to assert

Service learning assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Service learning - Assignment Example In addition, service learning enables the learners to become active citizens who make a significant contribution to the well-being of the society through the services that they offer. According to Furco and Billig (2002), service learning is applicable in different set ups of learning which include faith-based and community-based organizations, universities, and other types of learning institutions. The participants, in the service-learning program can be members of an entire school, class or only a few selected students. Furco and Billig (2002) gave out a simple example of service learning whereby groups of students undertake projects to collect trash within the neighboring town center, and afterwards they prepare a report documenting on the sources of the trash and the measures that can be implemented to control this problem. Through the division of Community Engagement, the Virginia Commonwealth University has set-up a well-elaborate service-learning program that is dynamic and attracts over three thousand students on an annual basis. Those who are involved in the service-learning projects are students at the university as well as some members of the teaching staff. The customers of the projects undertaken by the student of the university are local communities in the U.S as well as other parts of the world. The Virgina Commonwealth University-service learning program is diversified in different areas such as health, education, environmental conservation, promotion of peace and well-being of the society, and community sensitization programs, among others. Therefore, the local community where the university students will select to conduct their service learning will benefit depending on the project they will undertake, for example, the community could benefit from a cleaner environment, construction of a recreation site, or education on social issues. Crane et al. (2013) stated that besides benefitting from

Summary of frankl's book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of frankl's book - Essay Example gs special meaning to the field of nursing since it gives ideas which can be used to establish therapeutic healing relationships between nurses and the individuals under their care. For example, Frankl (1997) presents the idea that life never stops having a meaning therefore there is no such thing as a meaningless existence. Individuals will always have something to live for. While Frankl offers concrete examples such as family and loved ones, he also includes the spiritual aspect of living for a cause and suggests that even in the direst situations; a reason to live can be found in the shape of God. For nurses, it becomes important to note that if this faith in family, friends or a spiritual deity is lost by an individual, the process of recovery can be harmed significantly. The relevance of this idea to the theory of nursing becomes clear when we understand that nurses are supposed to provide assistance in the healing process and create professional relationships with patients under their care. These positive relationships can help along the healing process for the patient. Another important point which Frankl makes is the idea concerning the individual attitude which a person can have with regard to a calamity. He notes that some prisoners were able to take whatever the concentration camps dished out to them and survive simply because they had a positive attitude within them. Even in suffering, a positive attitude can lessen the pain a person is going through and allow him/her to come to terms with what has afflicted them. On the other hand, those who give up or become negative may not only enhance their own suffering but also affect how others around them are feeling. The lesson for a nurse is simply to remain positive and encourage patients to think positively. On a personal note, I found the book to be highly motivational and I believe that it offers some important life lessons for people from all walks of life. It is certainly a popular book and does

The Limitations Of RDBMS Systems

The Limitations Of RDBMS Systems To combat the limitations of RDBMS and meet the challenge of the increasing rise of the Internet and the Web, programmers developed object-oriented databases in the 1980s. The main objective of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems, commonly known as OODBMS, is to provide consistent, data independent, secure, controlled and extensible data management services to support the object-oriented model. They were created to handle big and complex data that relational databases could not. There are important characteristics involved with object-oriented databases. The most important characteristic is the joining of object-oriented programming with database technology, which provides an integrated application development system. Object-oriented programming results in 4 main characteristics: inheritances, data encapsulation, object identity, and polymorphism. Inheritance allows one to develop solutions to complex problems incrementally by defining new objects in terms of previously defined objects. Data encapsulation or simply encapsulation allows the hiding of the internal state of the objects. Encapsulated objects are those objects that can only be assessed by their methods instead of their internal states. There are three types of encapsulated objects users and developers should recognize. The first is full encapsulation, in which all the operations on objects are done through message sending and method execution. The second is write encapsulation, which is where the internal state of the object is visible only for reading operations. The third is partial encapsulation, which involves allowing direct access for reading and writing for only a part of the internal state. Object identity allows objects of the database to be independent of each other. Polymorphism and dynamic binding allow one to define operations for one object and then to share the specification of the operation with other objects. This allows users and/or programmers to compose objects to provide solutions without having to write code that is specific to each object. The language important to OODBMS is data definition and manipulation language (DDML). The use of this language allows persistent data to be created, updated, deleted, or retrieved. An OODBMS needs a computational versus a relational language because it can be used to avoid impedance mismatch. DDML allows users to define a database, including creating, altering, and dropping tables and establishing constraints. DDMLs are used to maintain and query a database, including updating, inserting, modifying, and querying data. The OODBMS has many advantages and benefits. First, object-oriented is a more natural way of thinking. Second, the defined operations of these types of systems are not dependent on the particular database application running at a given moment. Third, the data types of object-oriented databases can be extended to support complex data such as images, digital and audio/video, along with other multi-media operations. Different benefits of OODBMS are its reusability, stability, and reliability. Another benefit of OODBMS is that relationships are represented explicitly, often supporting both navigational and associative access to information. This translates to improvement in data access performance versus the relational model. Another important benefit is that users are allowed to define their own methods of access to data and how it will be represented or manipulated. The most significant benefit of the OODBMS is that these databases have extended into areas not known by the RDBMS. Medicine, multimedia, and high-energy physics are just a few of the new industries relying on object-oriented databases. As with the relational database method, object-oriented databases also have disadvantages or limitations. One disadvantage of OODBMS is that it lacks a common data model. There is also no current standard, since it is still considered to be in the development stages. Who is currently using an OODBMS to handle mission critical data? The following information was gleaned from the ODBMS Facts website. The Chicago Stock Exchange manages stock trades via a Versant ODBMS. Radio Computing Services is the worlds largest radio software company. Its product, Selector, automates the needs of the entire radio station from the music library, to the newsroom, to the sales department. RCS uses the POET ODBMS because it enabled RCS to integrate and organize various elements, regardless of data types, in a single program environment. The Objectivity/DB ODBMS is used as a data repository for system component naming, satellite mission planning data, and orbital management data deployed by Motorola in The Iridium System. The Object Store ODBMS is used in Southwest Airlines Home Gate to provide self service to travellers through the Internet. Ajou University Medical Center in South Korea uses Intersystems Cachà ¨ ODBMS to support all hospital functions including mission-critical departments such as pathology, laboratory, blood bank, pharmacy, and X-ray. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland uses an Objectivity DB. The database is currently being tested in the hundreds of terabytes at data rates up to 35 MB/second. As of November, 2000, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) stored 169 terabytes of production data using Objectivity/DB. The production data is distributed across several hundred processing nodes and over 30 on-line servers. Below is a list of advantages and disadvantages of using an OODBMS over an RDBMS with an object oriented programming language. Advantages Composite Objects and Relationships: Objects in an OODBMS can store an arbitrary number of atomic types as well as other objects. It is thus possible to have a large class which holds many medium sized classes which themselves hold many smaller classes, ad infinitum. In a relational database this has to be done either by having one huge table with lots of null fields or via a number of smaller, normalized tables which are linked via foreign keys. Having lots of smaller tables is still a problem since a join has to be performed every time one wants to query data based on the Has-a relationship between the entities. Also an object is a better model of the real world entity than the relational tuples (attributes) with regards to complex objects. The fact that an OODBMS is better suited to handling complex, interrelated data than an RDBMS means that an OODBMS can outperform an RDBMS by ten to a thousand times depending on the complexity of the data being handled. Class Hierarchy: Data in the real world is usually having hierarchical characteristics. The ever popular Employee example used in most RDBMS texts is easier to describe in an OODBMS than in an RDBMS. An Employee can be a Manager or not, this is usually done in an RDBMS by having a type identifier field or creating another table which uses foreign keys to indicate the relationship between Managers and Employees. In an OODBMS, the Employee class is simply a parent class of the Manager class. Circumventing the Need for a Query Language: A query language is not necessary for accessing data from an OODBMS unlike an RDBMS since interaction with the database is done by transparently accessing objects. It is still possible to use queries in an OODBMS however. No Impedence Mismatch: In a typical application that uses an object oriented programming language and an RDBMS, a signifcant amount of time is usually spent mapping tables to objects and back. There are also various problems that can occur when the atomic types in the database do not map cleanly to the atomic types in the programming language and vice versa. This impedance mismatch is completely avoided when using an OODBMS. No Primary Keys: The user of an RDBMS has to worry about uniquely identifying tuples by their values and making sure that no two tuples have the same primary key values to avoid error conditions. In an OODBMS, the unique identification of objects is done behind the scenes via OIDs and is completely invisible to the user. Thus there is no limitation on the values that can be stored in an object. One Data Model: A data model typically should model entities and their relationships, constraints and operations that change the states of the data in the system. With an RDBMS it is not possible to model the dynamic operations or rules that change the state of the data in the system because this is beyond the scope of the database. Thus applications that use RDBMS systems usually have an Entity Relationship diagram to model the static parts of the system and a separate model for the operations and behaviours of entities in the application. With an OODBMS there is no disconnect between the database model and the application model because the entities are just other objects in the system. An entire application can thus be comprehensively modelled in one UML diagram.

The Treaty of Versailles :: World War I History

The Treaty of Versailles Despite Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace near the end of World War I, he failed to gain Congressional support for the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans. However, once the negotiation of the Treaty, the Allies found they had conflicting ideas and motives surrounding the reparations and wording of the Treaty. The Treaty formally placed the responsibility for the war on Germany and its allies and imposed on Germany the burden of paying the debts of war. In addition to foreign opposition, Wilson couldn't even gain support for the treaty in the United States. Because of weaknesses in the treaty, domestic opposition, and failure to compromise, the treaty gained very little congressional support. The Treaty of Versailles was very controversial. Some countries opposed the treaty due to multiple weaknesses. For example, the Treaty humiliated Germany. The war-guilt clause forces Germany to accept sole responsibility for World War I. And although German militarism had played a major role in igniting the war, other countries in Europe had been guilty of provoking diplomatic crises before the war. Another weakness in the Treaty was that Russian government felt that the Treaty ignored its needs. In the Treaty, Russia was excluded from the peace conference, even though Russians had fought with the Allies for three year, and suffered higher casualties than any other country. There was also much dispute concerning the distribution of territory in the Treaty. The Treaty of Versailles established nine new countries, and changed many boundaries, and there was debate about the fairness. There was also much opposition to the treaty in the United States, which is what Woodrow Wilson faces when he returned with the treaty. Some people, including Herbert Hoover, believed it was too harsh. Others didn't think the treaty really did any good because it shifted the set of colonial rulers to another set, instead of eliminating the imperialism. Also, some minorities objected to the treaty because the new boundaries it established for some countries didn't satisfy their demands for independence. For example, Wilson hadn't tried to obtain Ireland's independence from Great Britain. Most of all, the opposition to the treaty in the United States was the debate over the League of Nations. A few opponents believed that the League of Nations threatened the U.S. foreign policy of staying clear of European affairs, the Monroe Doctrine.

Product and Service Classifications

Product and service classifications Products and services wide range, whether for personal use or business. Tangible, intangible. Depend on function they serve. Can be raw, unfinished or final goods.Generally classified depending on domestic use (final) or conducting business (further processes) Organization, person, place and idea (IS) marketing POOP Organization marketing – Activities to sell the org Create, change, maintain the attitudes and behavior s of target consumers toward an organization Business firms sponsor advertising campaigns to improve image or market themselves to publics and stakeholders.Helps to market for free in media and improve investment confidence and improve sales from getting publicity Person marketing – Used to build reputation of people – recognized/business people. Create, change, maintain attitudes towards specific people. Make use of well- known people to represent products to help them sell. Egg Big razors with Tended Miterwort a ka â€Å"the Beast† Skillful marketing can turn person's name into a powerhouse brand.Egg Donald Trump and his self- titled products. Place marketing – Create, change, maintain attitudes toward specific places from local to international. Places are competing against each other for tourism business. Egg Tomorrow land in Belgium and Pizza in Spain both well- known party places of the world. Ideas marketing and social marketing can be general or specific The diffusion of notions which help market a product or service.It is more than advertising, it encourages the broad range use of marketing tools = all marketing strategies Like advertising that Colgate toothpaste is number 1 Part of this marketing is social marketing – process of planning campaigns that influence individual's behavior toward helping a society's well- being using marketing tools – all marketing tools 1) Benefits they want 2) Reducing barriers they're concerned about and BY offend BEEPER 3) The use of persuasion to motivate their participation in programmer activities.Social marketing makes use of campaigns to promote awareness, such as health campaigns for cancer, environmental campaigns for environment protection and others that promote equality and rights. Classified depending on the kind of consumers who use them. The distinction between the two is the purpose for buying the product. If a lawn mower is bought just for home use it is a consumer product. If bought for lawn mowing business it is an industrial product. Part 1 Consumer products are Prod and service bought for final consumption. Classified on how they are bought.CUSS – buying behavior, compare, cost, distribution, promotion frequency/method. Convenience P&S's are Bought frequently, immediately with minimal effort and without much pre purchase landing, info gathering or brand comparing. Except popular brand names, well known Egg – sweets, cigarettes, fast food. Are usually low priced, placed in locations that make them easily available when needed. (been in maturity stage for long time) egg coca cola Mass promotion – Low customer involvement Unsought P;S's Consumer don't know about or not think of buying or negative interest toward. Most new products on market are unsought.Egg life insurance or blood donations. Price varies, Distribution varies, Aggressive promoting by producer/reseller Shopping P;S's are pass Less frequently purchased products and services, higher price that customers compare carefully on price quality, suitability and style. Lots of time spent gathering info/comparing. Products distributed to few outlets, given info for comparison effort Egg Airline services, furniture. Advertising and personalized target selling by producer and reseller. Special itty As are Unique BRAND/characteristics ID = Loyalty. Certain groups willing to make special effort to get. Exclusive distribution and outlets to purchase, High price/low sensitivity cause of this do n't compare; invest only time needed to reach dealers carrying. Role/custom designed clothing. Specific targeting by producer/reseller Part 1 Industrial products are Products purchased for further processing or for use in conducting business Materials and Parts INPUTS/resources Price and service are the major marketing factors. Branding and advertising are less important. Raw materials consist of farm products such as livestock or fruit and Natural products such as wood and iron ore.Manufactured materials and parts consist of: Component materials like iron and cement and Component parts like motors and trees. Capital items PRODUCTIONS Aid in the buyer's production or operations, including installations and accessory equipment Installations consists of major purchases like building (factories and offices) and fixed equipment like (generators, large computer systems) Accessory equipment includes Portable factory equipment and tools such as tractors and hand tools Office equipment such as computers and office desks, they have shorter life than installations and aid in the production process.Supplies and services (business) sups ORBS services Bad m Supplies are the convenience products of the industrial field because purchased with minimum effort or comparison Operating supplies such as coal, paper, pencils Repair and maintenance items such as paint, nails and brooms Business services are services supplied under contract Include Maintenance and repair services such as carpet cleaning or computer repair. Business advisory services such as legal services or advertising.

Passing essays

Passing essays Being truthful about who we are as individuals can be difficult and scary. People put on certain facades to make life more bearable. For example, we might say that a bully at school is only cruel to others so as to hide his/her insecurities. Coleman Silk, Clare Kendry and Irene Redfield have all taken part in the act of passing, the movement of a person who is legally or socially designated black into a white racial category or white social identity, (viii, Larsen). Although this act was used by these characters to ease lifes burdens, it only brought them loss and hardship. Passing has been a large part of many peoples lives; however, it is a very difficult way of living. In the novel The Human Stain by Philip Roth, we find Coleman Silk living his life threw passing. This is a man that worked so hard to erase his past so as to secure his future as a white man. Growing up he had faced many difficult challenges that made him make some harsh decisions. While living in New York he had met a woman by the name of Steena Palsson. She was one of his first loves. They had a great relationship, but Coleman never shared his secret with her. The day came when he took her to meet his family. It was a pleasant meeting in which Steena had the opportunity to discover Colemans secret and see what the other aspects of his life were all about. On there train ride home she was very quiet and it seemed she was resting. When they finally came to stop Coleman noticed her sadness. He tries to comfort her and she says I cant do it ! she cried, and without another w ord of explanation, gasping, violently weeping, clutch her bag to her chest and forgetting her hat, which was in his lap, where hed been holding it while she slept-she raced alone from the train as though from an attacker and did not phone him or try ever to see him again (p. 125, Roth). She left him knowing ...

5 Ways to Use Snapchat in Your Job Search

5 Ways to Use Snapchat in Your Job Search Snapchat might not be just for teenagers and your more ironically social media savvy friends. 39% of users are between the ages of 25 and 44. It is one of the fastest growing platforms out there- with over 200 million active users- and is being used more by companies to highlight their achievements, new products, company culture, etc. The platform lets you share content to your friends (complete with doodles and captions and emojis) and have it be visible only for 1-10 seconds, depending on your preference. A new feature lets you string 24 hours worth of your snaps into something called a â€Å"Story.† There is also a chat function and a live video chat function much like FaceTime. But did you know it could also come in handy during your job search? Snapchat can actually be a very effective tool for brand-building and professional development: think behind-the-scenes videos, demos, product giveaways, QA sessions, interview snippets, tutorials, and quotes. But how can you harne ss this creative potential in your job search?1. Stalk your potential employers.Seek out companies you’d like to work for then start paying attention to their social media output. How do they engage with their audience and followers? See if you can’t get in their heads, then praise them for this specifically in your cover letter or interview. You’ll get major points for social media savvy.2. Tell a story.Especially if your industry is a creative one, you can think outside the box a little and, instead of a boring old resume, tell a story about your life in snaps. Use video clips and pictures that recreate a sense of your experience and skills. Show off your capabilities and creative potential for a position by doing something innovative and different enough to help you stand out among the competition. Make sure you know your audience well enough (see #1) to try this move.3. Network with key connections.Once you’re following your desired companies, you can engage with the content they put out through Snapchat. Make sure you do so strategically- i.e. only when you have something of substance to contribute. But at very least you can get a great sense of who they are as a company and what they do by following their account.4. Show off.Rather than posting only silly selfies, try using Snapchat as a more aspirational career building tool. Set yourself up as an industry leader chronicling the achievements of you and your team, and showing potential employers your stuff- even before you start searching.5. Learn something.People are also using Snapchat to get free tutorials and industry advice. Find a business leader in your industry that has a feed and start following. You never know what you might learn about building your presence, increasing your productivity, or simply what the newest trends are in your field.

History contrast between England and French political structures Essay

History contrast between England and French political structures - Essay Example The examples of countries with such different ways of life are England and France. Despite them being located in the same continent, they had concrete differences in their political structure which we are going to explore. To start with, the French government was under a king and was considered absolute monarchy. This is because it was believed that the king held all the powers and was only answerable to God only. It was also believed that the king was ordained by God and therefore going against the king was going against God. According to Jean Domat and Jacques Benique Bossuet, king’s subjects had to be submissive and obedient failure to which one was said to resist God authority (Wollmann, 10). Additionally, it was believed that for the country to survive, only one person could rule it and that person had to be in charge of all the people. Every citizen had to follow the laws set by the king and nobody could question the king. This ensured that the country had the best defen se against any form of division among the citizens. However, England had quite a different type of political structure. This is because the English monarchy was as successful s French one since the will of people had triumphed over that tradition resulting to new form of government. England’s monarchy was always threatened by coming up of institutions such as parliament, Magna Carta and the common law which somehow were always against the traditional governance.

Giving Birth Control to Teenagers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Giving Birth Control to Teenagers - Essay Example This essay considers questions of teenage birth control and argues that it is in the best interest of the country to permit teenager’s access to it. One of the primary arguments against providing birth control to teenagers is that it encourages them to engage in sexual relations. When one considers this argument, it’s demonstrated to be completely erroneous. The human sexual drive is one of the primary instinctual motivations and as such teenagers will continue to experiment with sex whether effective contraception is made available or not. Indeed, teenage pregnancy rates are on the rise (Dawn). In these regards, it’s clear that policymakers must make a shift in their perspectives from viewing birth control as a harmful element, to one that can actually aid teenagers who are already engaging in sexual practices. The idea that birth control contributes to teenage sex is in large part derived from a naive notion of teenage sexual norms. Policymakers are assuming th at in the process of educating teenagers of their birth control options, the teenagers will suddenly become sexually aware and decide to engage in sexual practices. In reality teenagers are not this naive. In prohibiting birth control then policy makers are essentially increasing the chances of teenage pregnancy, as teenagers will increasingly resort to riskier methods of intercourse.

American History - Utopian Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History - Utopian Movements - Essay Example Several religious and secular Utopian communities arrived in America. Some of the communities include Shakers, Rappites, Oneida community and Brook Farm. According to utopian ideas, a perfect society would have communism. Some of the utopian communities include Mormons; it was established by Joseph Smith in 1830 (Halloway, 1961). Smith advanced the idea of polygamy as part of utopian society. The followers were later prosecuted and murdered. Another Utopian community was Oneida community that was located in New York. The community practiced communism and complex marriages. Every man and woman was free to have sex and accept criticism except Noyes. The society disintegrated when Noyes tried to pass leadership (Halloway, 1961). Another movement was the Shakers that settled in America in 1774. The emphasis was on vegetarianism thus they lived on by farming. The Shakers established eight colonies. They believed in communal ownership of property and religious confession of sins (Halloway, 1961). Members had to adopt children and homes were gender segregated consisting about ten individuals. The Shakers emphasized on celibacy thus the community ended since new members were not coming forth. The Shakers were later associated with most of reform movements like pacifism and abolitionist movements of 19th century. Another group was the New Harmony that was located in Indiana. The community believed in progressive education and community lifestyle. They advanced women equality but the society disintegrated later due to lack of strong central beliefs (Halloway, 1961). Another movement was the Fruitlands that lasted only for six months. It was founded in 1843 by Bronson Alcott. It followed a British reformist model since it forbade free ownership of property. It emphasized on free love and vegetarianism (Halloway, 1961). Children were not supposed to eat meat or use animal products like honey and wool. The movement also prohibited the use of animals for labor. In the farms, the community planted only the crops that grew out of soil so as not to disturb the living organisms under the soil like worms. Most of the members later felt manual labor as inhibiting. Malnourishment due to strict diet of grains made many members to leave. The movement later collapsed in 1844 (Halloway, 1961). Brook Farm was another utopian community based in Massachusetts in 1841, the community strongly advocated for women rights, abolition of slavery and labor rights. The community was based on a 200-acre farm with only four buildings. The community provided free education and residents had to complete 300 days of labor by farming, doing domestic chores and preparing recreational facilities. However, Ripley joined Fourierism movement thus youths had to do the dirty jobs like repairing roads and slaughtering animals. Most of the youths deserted. The community was also infected with smallpox and fire and later collapsed in 1847. Another utopian movement was Pullman’s capit alist utopia. It was founded in 1880s in the town of Pullman by George Pullman. According to Pullman, capitalist was essential in achieving both spiritual and material needs of the community. The employees would receive two paychecks, one for rent and the other for all material needs. There were rigid social classes since experienced employees and managers would live in tenements. Employee grievances and agitation for better pay increased forcing

A Peoples History of the United States vs the Enduring Vision Essay Example for Free

A Peoples History of the United States vs the Enduring Vision Essay How complete are our textbooks these days? Yes, they may cover Christopher Columbus’s all the way to today’s current events. But just how complete are they? Often books tend to lean a certain direction, and offer perspective from only one point of view; most commonly the views of the victors, dominant country or possibly stories of heroes. What about the other side? Far too often the lesser of the two is left out of the textbooks and out of our minds. There are always two sides to a story, in this case, much of what we read is a mere, â€Å"partial truth†. In the following paragraphs and analysis, assumptions and generalizations we have made about our country and it’s â€Å"heroes† will be examined in an in-depth interpretation of the standard American textbook, The Enduring Vision vs. Howard Zinn’s, A People’s History of the United States, a strongly worded book meant to offer a different point of view, one not of the hero, but of men they truly were. Everyone knows who discovered America, Christopher Columbus, of course! â€Å"In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue† At a very young age we are taught that, but that’s only half the story. According to, The Enduring Vision, â€Å"Religious Fervor led Columbus to dream of carrying Christianity around the globe, but he also hungered for wealth and glory. †(p. 27) Upon discovery, Columbus became very fond of himself, and what he had done. He discovered a land and a people that before his discovery never existed. Because of this, Columbus’s hunger for wealth and glory came to the forefront. The textbook makes no mention of the less publicized portions of his life; it certainly was not carrying Christianity to the world. The book fails to mention, the cruel and inhumane things that were done to the Native American who currently inhabited the â€Å"New World†. Those actions seem to be brushed under the rug, because of the fact that he is an American hero. However, Howard Zinn offers a view from a different perspective. â€Å"†¦They willingly traded everything they owned†¦. They were well built, with good bodies and handsome features†¦They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane†¦. They would make fine servants†¦. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. † (Zinn 17) Columbus’s lust for wealth, power, and domination of the people blinded his view of spreading Christianity. In Columbus’s report back to the royal court in Madrid, Spain, Columbus uses religious talk to convince the court that he was establishing a community, and to establish fame and a reputation back in Spain. In exchange for a little help, Columbus was to bring them, â€Å"as much gold as they need†¦ and as many slaves as they ask. Concluding his report he said, â€Å"Thus the eternal God, our Lord, gives victory to those who follow His was over apparent impossibilities† (Zinn 20) this was not entirely true, his report was exaggerated, however, the court granted him his expanded fleet and men. However, Columbus was not out to colonize the new world, he was looking for his personal gain ; Gold, and slaves. This American â€Å"Hero† isn’t everything the history books and movies make him out to be. Columbus was a liar, cruel, and was out for glory and fame. It’s a sad truth to such an important piece of an American history. As American we would like to believe that Columbus was the man he was made up to be, and definitely not a â€Å"Christ-like† figure. He was much more than an explorer who owned a few slaves; he is a man responsible for the institution of slavery and the murder of many, many Native Americans. Another well-known figure in history has a distorted past, he happens to be one of our most respected presidents; Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson is perhaps most known for his hand in writing the Declaration of Independence. Although Jefferson was a major player in gaining our country’s independence from England; he wasn’t much for granting independence to a certain group of people in America. Although, it is noted that Jefferson had a personal distaste for slavery, that did not stop him from owning slaves, hundreds of slaves until the day he died. Jefferson even slipped a portion his views into the Declaration of Independence. It is a very common cliche phrase that is known by many, in which he lists property, in a list of â€Å"unalienable† rights. That among these are Life, Liberty, and property† However, Congress didn’t approve, and instead, they chose, â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness†. Slaves were often referred to as property at that time, not human beings, but property, as if they were a possession. So, who really was Jefferson, was he a noble president, who still today remains a prominent figure in the history of the United States? Or was he just like everyone else, a slave owner, and didn’t truly believe that â€Å"All men are created equal†? Personally, I believe that Jefferson was a product of the time period. Being a slave owner was common; he was in line with what wealthy plantation owners. He may have believed that slavery was not a moral institution, but that doesn’t require him to being an abolitionist. According to Zinn, Jefferson’s paragraph was removed because, â€Å"slaveholders themselves with the desirability of ending the slave trade. †(Zinn 77) Thomas Jefferson was an extremely intelligent man, and I believe he wrote that, with the foresight of the country in mind. He knew that it should not be a part of America going forward, however, at the time; it was a part of life. In addition to that, Jefferson needed to keep his popularity high, and by ending the slave-trade, Jefferson would lose many of his supporters. For this I believe that in this case Zinn may be bias, he goes after every flaw in people we look up to, and we simply cannot expect them to be perfect. Yes, they may have made some mistake and at times be hypocritical, but everyone is guilty of that at some time in their life, especially at a time where presidents where selected on what they had done in battle, not in politics. The next difference comes in the form of another president. Andrew Jackson, the face of our twenty dollar bill. According to the textbook, â€Å"Jackson’s victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero, and southerners admired him as a Tennessee slaveholder, a renowned Indian fighter, and an advocate of Indian removal† 216). Many American regarded Jackson as a â€Å"Living link to a more virtuous past. † Upon, gaining the presidency, one of Jackson’s first moves was to remove all the members of upper ranking officeholders†¦of the rival party. It was not well received by many; they began calling it the â€Å"spoils system†. He defended his actions by conveying that it was on the basis of Democracy; so that more people could work for the government. Jackson often gave jobs to family members or friends before giving the public their fair shake. Jackson was also willing to give jobs to people who weren’t qualified, because he knew them. This wasn’t the only thing that Jackson took heat for; his â€Å"morals† got him into more trouble. Jackson was easily bribed, and used deception as well as force to get what he wanted. Whether it was land or gold, Jackson was willing to use his power as president for his gain. Zinn 128) Zinn, points out the fact that this will never be printed in a text book, as Jackson is a face of this country. â€Å"If you look through high school textbooks and elementary school text books in American history you will find Jackson the frontiersman, soldier, democrat, man of the people-not Jackson the slaveholder, land speculator, executioner of dissident soldiers, exterminator of the Indians. †(Zinn 125) Strong and harsh words for a man, especially a president nonetheless. As we have seen in this and past examples, that Zinn emphasizes the other side of the story, the one you don’t hear about. Unfortunately, these are stories that everyone should know. Zinn, places an emphasis on teaching what the textbooks don’t, the textbooks focus on the spoils and fame of the individual. Howard Zinn provides an alternative view that sheds light on the morals of these men, which are not well publicized. Abraham Lincoln, the savior of the Union, often considered to be one of the best if not the best presidents in the history of the United States. However, this is one of the rare instances in which Zinn agrees with the textbook. For once, Zinn focuses on the results, rather the character. Lincoln didn’t believe that the African-Americans were his equal, but he did believe they had the rights of a human being; no human should be subject to being owned by another. However, Lincoln’s main priority was to preserve the Union, and to unite the States of America. The fact that Zinn agrees with the textbook in their positive view of Lincoln, shows the Zinn is not out to attack our great American Heroes. However, Zinn simply wishes for the other side of the story to be told, after all, all this stuff should be taught. Teaching as if this never happened, is like teaching addition without subtraction. Finally, we conclude with yet another president; our first President of the United States, George Washington: The fearless and ambitious leader that America looked to, to become our first president and lead the country in a positive direction. The Enduring Vision says it well, â€Å"American Victory depended on the ability of one man to keep his army fighting despite defeat† (120) Washington’s record in battle was poor, he lost more times than he won. However, the important part was that the people followed him. George was exceptionally tall for this time, so people naturally looked to him to lead them-despite losing. However, Washington was a slaveholder himself. Although, he did free them before he died. During the Revolutionary war, Washington did turn down a request of black slaves to fight in the army. (Zinn 83) Despite, his downfall, George Washington was an honorable man, who was the perfect choice for first President of the United States. Zinn tends to tarnish Washington’s reputation, with some of the things he chooses to publish; he gives Washington little credit for his accomplishments. In fact, I believe that Washington’s failures is what makes him such an insightful historical figure, failure spurred his ambition for bigger and better things. In conclusion, I have determined that much of what is printed is only partial truth. Thanks to Howard Zinn, people can explore the character that shaped out country. Although Zinn may seem to attack these men, he is simply pointing out that they weren’t the men they are made out to be in modern day history books and films. After reading, A People’s History of the United States, I am very pleased that someone decided that the truth must be told; even though it is not always what we want to hear.